Vitamin D • How it works? Researched 128 times

Vitamin D vitamin

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«Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble secosteroids responsible for increasing intestinal absorption of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate, and multiple other biological effects.^[1] In humans, the most important compounds in this group are vitamin D₃ (also known as cholecalciferol) and vitamin D₂ (ergocalciferol).

^[2] Cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol can be ingested from the diet and from supplements.^[2]^[3]^[4] Only a few foods contain vitamin D. The major natural source of the vitamin is synthesis of cholecalciferol in the skin from cholesterol through a chemical reaction that is dependent on sun exposure (specifically UVB radiation). Dietary recommendations typically assume that all of a person's vitamin D is taken by mouth, as sun exposure in the population is variable and recommendations about the amount of sun exposure that is safe are uncertain in view of the skin cancer risk.^[5]

Vitamin D from the diet or skin synthesis is biologically inactive; enzymatic conversion (hydroxylation) in the liver and kidney is required for activation. As vitamin D can be synthesized in adequate amounts by most mammals exposed to sufficient sunlight, it is not an essential dietary factor, and so not technically a vitamin.^[4] Instead it could be considered a hormone, with activation of the vitamin D pro-hormone resulting in the active form, calcitriol, which then produces effects via a nuclear receptor in multiple locations.^[4] Cholecalciferol is converted in the liver to calcifediol (25-hydroxycholecalciferol); ergocalciferol is converted to 25-hydroxyergocalciferol. These two vitamin D metabolites (called 25-hydroxyvitamin D or 25(OH)D) are measured in serum to determine a person's vitamin D status.^[6]^[7] Calcifediol is further hydroxylated by the kidney to form calcitriol (also known as 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol), the biologically active form of vitamin D.^[8] Calcitriol circulates as a hormone in the blood, having a major role regulating the concentration of calcium and phosphate, and promoting the healthy growth and remodeling of bone. Calcitriol also has other effects, including some on cell growth, neuromuscular and immune function, and reduction of inflammation.^[5]

Vitamin D has a significant role in calcium homeostasis and metabolism. Its discovery was due to effort to find the dietary substance lacking in children with rickets (the childhood form of osteomalacia).^[9] Vitamin D supplements are given to treat or to prevent osteomalacia and rickets, but the evidence for other health effects of vitamin D supplementation in the general population is inconsistent.^[10]^[11] The effect of vitamin D supplementation on mortality is not clear, with one meta-analysis finding a small decrease in mortality in elderly people,^[12] and another concluding no clear justification exists for recommending supplementation for preventing many diseases, and that further research of similar design is unneeded in these areas.^[13]

Several forms (vitamers) of vitamin D exist. The two major forms are vitamin D₂ or ergocalciferol, and vitamin D₃ or cholecalciferol; vitamin D without a subscript refers to either D₂ or D₃ or both. These are known collectively as calciferol.^[14] Vitamin D₂ was chemically characterized in 1931. In 1935, the chemical structure of vitamin D₃ was established and proven to result from the ultraviolet irradiation of 7-dehydrocholesterol.^[15]

Chemically, the various forms of vitamin D are secosteroids, i.e., steroids in which one of the bonds in the steroid rings is broken.^[15] The structural difference between vitamin D₂ and vitamin D₃ is the side chain of D₂ contains a double bond between carbons 22 and 23, and a methyl group on carbon 24.

The active vitamin D metabolite calcitriol mediates its biological effects by binding to the vitamin D receptor (VDR), which is principally located in the nuclei of target cell.^[15] The binding of calcitriol to the VDR allows the VDR to act as a transcription factor that modulates the gene expression of transport proteins (such as TRPV6 and calbindin), which are involved in calcium absorption in the intestine.^[17] The vitamin D receptor belongs to the nuclear receptor superfamily of steroid/thyroid hormone receptors, and VDRs are expressed by cell in most organs, including the brain, heart, skin, gonads, prostate, and breast.

VDR activation in the intestine, bone, kidney, and parathyroid gland cell lead to the maintenance of calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood (with the assistance of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin) and to the maintenance of bone content.^[1]

One of the most important roles of vitamin D is to maintain skeletal calcium balance by promoting calcium absorption in the intestines, promoting bone resorption by increasing osteoclast number, maintaining calcium and phosphate levels for bone formation, and allowing proper functioning of parathyroid hormone to maintain serum calcium levels. Vitamin D deficiency can result in lower bone mineral density and an increased risk of reduced bone density (osteoporosis) or bone fracture because a lack of vitamin D alters mineral metabolism in the body.^[18] Thus, vitamin D is also critical for bone remodeling through its role as a potent stimulator of bone resorption.^[18]

The VDR regulates cell proliferation and differentiation. Vitamin D also affects the immune system, and VDRs are expressed in several white blood cells, including monocytes and activated T and B cell.^[19] In vitro, vitamin D increases expression of the tyrosine hydroxylase gene in adrenalmedullary cell, and affects the synthesis of neurotrophic factors, nitric oxide synthase, and glutathione.^[20]

A diet deficient in vitamin D in conjunction with inadequate sun exposure causes osteomalacia (or rickets when it occurs in children), which is a softening of the bone. In the developed world, this is a rare disease.^[21]^[22] However, vitamin D deficiency has become a worldwide problem in the elderly and remains common in children and adults.^[23]^[24] Low blood calcifediol (25-hydroxy-vitamin D) can result from avoiding the sun.^[25] Deficiency results in impaired bone mineralization and bone damage which lead to bone-softening diseases,^[26]^[27] including rickets and osteomalacia. Being deficient in vitamin D can cause intestinal absorption of dietary calcium to fall to 15%.^[1] When not deficient, an individual usually absorbs between 60-80%.» (wikipedia)

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It is also known as 25-OH vitamin D, 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxycalciferol and it is a vitamin. Here is an overview of its with

Classification

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Vitamin Ds:

Biochemistry of Vitamin D

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Effects of Vitamin D

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Absence of Correlation of Vitamin D

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Pathways of Vitamin D

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Vitamin D Biolinks

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Obviously Eldecalcitol is analogue of Vitamin D
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Obviously Vitamin D + Calcium contains Vitamin D
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Obviously Vitamin D + Fluoxetine contains Vitamin D
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Obviously Vitamin D + zinc contains Vitamin D
9.3
Vitamin D prevents Cancer mortality
9.3
Vitamin D increases Birth weight
9.3
Vitamin D does not affect Cardiovascular Diseases
9.2
Vitamin D deficiency causes Rickets
9.1
Vitamin D cures Sarcopenic obesity
9.1
Vitamin D decreases PTH
8.8
Vitamin D decreases Pre-eclampsia
8.7
Vitamin D3 increases Vitamin D
8.5
Vitamin D may improve Depression
8.3
Vitamin D deficiency worsens Atopic Dermatitis
7.2
Vitamin D deficiency may worsen Autism Spectrum Disorders
+2
6.3
Vitamin D deficiency decreases Sleep Quality
6.3
Vitamin D deficiency lowers Sleep duration
6.2
Vitamin D deficiency may cause Obesity
6.0
Vitamin D increases absorption of Calcium
5.8
Vitamin D increases Birth length
5.7
Vitamin D deficiency causes Osteomalacia
5.4
Calcium carbonate goes well with Vitamin D
5.3
Vitamin D decreases Liver Fibrosis
5.3
Vitamin D decreases IL-17
5.3
Vitamin D decreases Antimüllerian Hormone
5.2
Vitamin D deficiency causes Osteoporosis
5.2
Sunlight increases Vitamin D
5.2
25(OH)D3 is a biomarker of Vitamin D
5.2
Vitamin D increases 25(OH)D3
5.2
Vitamin D decreases Insulin resistance
5.1
Vitamin D decreases Th17
5.0
Vitamin D deficiency causes Sleep Disorders
5.0
Vitamin D deficiency decreases Bone mineral density
5.0
Vitamin D does not prevent Falls
5.0
Vitamin D reduces Fracture
5.0
Vitamin D deficiency associated with Prediabetes
5.0
Vitamin D3 does not affect Vitamin D
5.0
Vitamin D does not affect Preeclampsia
5.0
Vitamin D does not affect Cesarean section
5.0
Vitamin D does not affect Birth length
5.0
Vitamin D does not affect Gestational age
4.9
Italy residents may have deficiency in Vitamin D
4.9
Poland residents may have deficiency in Vitamin D
4.9
UAE residents may have deficiency in Vitamin D
4.8
Vitamin D deficiency causes Hyperparathyroidism
4.8
Vitamin D deficiency causes Hypophosphatemia
4.8
Vitamin D deficiency causes Hypocalcaemia
4.7
Vitamin D may prevent URTI
4.7
Perhaps, Vitamin D deficiency causes Cardiovascular Diseases
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4.4
Vitamin D does not affect Cognition
4.3
Vitamin D deficiency may cause Osteomalacia
4.2
Obesity may decrease Vitamin D
4.2
Vitamin D may improve Immune function
4.2
Vitamin D excess causes Hypercalcemia
4.0
Vitamin D may prevent Common Cold
4.0
Vitamin D may improve Migraine
4.0
Vitamin D may lower Cholesterol
4.0
Vitamin D may lower Triglycerides
4.0
Vitamin D may lower LDL
3.8
Vitamin D deficiency may worsen Multiple Sclerosis
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3.8
Vitamin D excess may cause Kidney stones
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3.8
Vitamin D may cure Hypercholesterolemia
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3.6
Africa residents may have deficiency in Vitamin D
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3.5
Smoking may decrease Vitamin D
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3.3
Vitamin D does not affect Insulin resistance
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3.3
Vitamin D does not affect BDNF
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3.3
Vitamin D does not affect Cortisol
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3.3
Vitamin D increases IL-6
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3.3
Magnesium affects Vitamin D
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3.1
Vitamin D excess causes Hypercalciuria
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3.1
Vitamin D does not affect TNFR2
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3.1
Vitamin D does not affect β-cell function
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3.0
Vitamin D does not affect Kidney stones
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2.6
Vitamin D decreases Endometriosis
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2.5
Vitamin D increases Testosterone
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2.4
Vitamin D negatively correlates with MPV
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2.4
Vitamin D increases Antimüllerian Hormone
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2.3
Vitamin D increases Free testosterone
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2.3
Vitamin D may affect CRP
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2.2
Vitamin D deficiency increases Atrogin-1
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2.2
Vitamin D deficiency causes Muscle atrophy
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2.2
Vitamin D deficiency increases Angiotensin II
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2.2
Vitamin D deficiency increases Collagen Type I
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2.2
Vitamin D deficiency associated with Pulmonary fibrosis
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2.2
Vitamin D improves Constipation
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2.2
Vitamin D does not affect Cholelithiasis
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2.1
Vitamin D may decrease Bone density
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2.1
Perhaps, Vitamin D does not affect HDL
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2.0
Vitamin D deficiency increases ACE1
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2.0
Vitamin D deficiency increases Angiotensinogen
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2.0
Vitamin D deficiency increases Renin
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2.0
Vitamin D deficiency increases TGFβ1
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2.0
Vitamin D deficiency increases Fibronectin
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1.9
Vitamin D does not affect Psoriasis
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1.8
Vitamin D does not affect Sleep Quality
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1.8
Vitamin D increases Sleep duration
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1.8
Vitamin D lowers BMI
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1.8
Vitamin D lowers Waist size
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1.8
Vitamin D does not affect Weight
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1.8
Vitamin D prevents Respiratory diseases mortality
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1.8
Vitamin D does not affect Stroke
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1.8
Vitamin D does not affect All-Cause Mortality
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1.8
Vitamin D reduces Cancer
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1.6
Vitamin D does not affect Common Cold
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1.6
Vitamin D increases Head circumference
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1.6
Vitamin D lowers Bone mineral density
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1.6
Vitamin D does not affect Fracture
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1.6
Vitamin D does not affect Bone strength
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1.6
Vitamin D does not affect Bone mineral density
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1.6
Vitamin D does not affect Trabecular bone score
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1.6
Vitamin D does not affect Bone turnover markers
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1.3
Vitamin D may improve Autoimmune disorder
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1.1
Vitamin D may prevent COVID-19
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0.8
Vitamin D may prevent Diabetes
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0.8
Vitamin D deficiency may cause Psoriasis
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0.8
Vitamin D deficiency may cause Breast cancer
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0.8
Vitamin D may improve Asthma
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0.7
Vitamin D may prevent Asthma
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0.7
Vitamin D excess may cause Hypercalcemia
(BioMindmap Proof Quality is Very Light.)
0.7
Vitamin D may cause Kidney damage
(BioMindmap Proof Quality is Very Light.)
0.5
Vitamin D may affect Common Cold
(BioMindmap Proof Quality is Very Light.)
0.3
Perhaps, Dark Skin decreases formation of Vitamin D
(Not proven by a research!)
0.3
Vitamin D excess may cause Hypercalciuria
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0.3
Vitamin D deficiency may cause Colorectal cancer
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0.3
Vitamin D deficiency may worsen Osteoporosis
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0.3
Vitamin D deficiency may cause Rickets
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-1.2
Perhaps, Vitamin D deficiency increases All-Cause Mortality
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-1.2
Perhaps, Vitamin D deficiency causes Hypertension
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Evidence Sources

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Vitamin D vitamin

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Biochemistry of Vitamin D

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Absence of Correlation of Vitamin D

Pathways of Vitamin D

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Vitamin D Biolinks

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Vitamin D vitamin Favourite Track My Medkit My Symptoms My Goals

Vitamin D Calculator

Summary on Vitamin D

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Biochemistry of Vitamin D

Effects of Vitamin D

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Lowering

Correlation

Absence of Correlation of Vitamin D

Pathways of Vitamin D

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Vitamin D Biolinks

Evidence Sources

Vitamin D vitamin

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